The Spanking Issue the Ethical Dilemma of Corporal...

The Spanking Issue: The Ethical Dilemma of Corporal Punishment This issue of corporal punishment is a current issue that many people have on their minds. The issue strikes an emotional chord for many whom were or were not punished by spanking during their own childhoods. The issue generally focuses on the effect that spanking or other discipline methods will have on children. I will specifically be exploring the question: is it ever appropriate to spank a child? The cases for and against the spanking of young children are many and varied. But the main issue is the level of appropriateness that the act can reach. The well being of the children of today is of the utmost importance to our society. The authority will be passed from the†¦show more content†¦The main problem with spanking is that it may increase the childs belief that violence is a good way to solve problems and/or the spanking will instill the child with feelings of defiance and anger towards the administering person. (Duncan, 2007) I believe that effectual spanking would include proper education with love before and after the spanking for the purpose of clarifying the intent of the person who is spanking and the cooperation of the spanked child. The understanding of the context and reasoning of the parent is crucial for the child to grasp before an effective physical discipline session can be carried out. Many people believe that a quick swat from them to their child sends a clear message and is effectual discipline when included with loving remarks and in consistent fashion. I believe this view is the best way to help us understand the question: is it ever appropriate to spank a child? I believe that the answer that most definitely does not solve this question is that disciplining a child with spanking is alright when nothing else will work, or when the parent has had enough. This could lead to abuse and/or psychosocially damaging discipline sessions. The context is that all-important factor that defines whether the discipline is appropriate or not. Unfortunately, many parents may have inherited foolish disciplineShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children5936 Words   |  24 Pagesare four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. In Western countries, preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed laws and policies exist to address this issue. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, childRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesâ€Å"Big† Families? 739 Graphing Calculator Exploration 746 14 Multiple Regression Analysis 749 14.1 Multiple Regression Models 750 14.2 Fitting a Model and Assessing Its Utility 763 14.3 Inferences Based on an Estimated Model 14-1 14.4 Other Issues in Multiple Regression 14-13 14.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 14-26 Activity 14.1 Exploring the Relationship Between Number of Predictors and Sample Size 780 Sections and/or chapter numbers in color can be

How the U.S. Lost Neutrality in WWII because of Pearl Harbor

How the U.S. Lost Neutrality in WWII Because Of Pearl Harbor Since the end of the First World War, America and its people did not want more war. The last thing they wanted was to get involved in another war; little did they know that war was not so far away from their doorstep. After the first World War, many Americans thought that large corporations who wanted profitable military contracts had arranged U.S. participation in the war, and suspicion of big business and of internationalism developed more after the stock market crash in October 1929 (Carroll-Mason, 2010). Despite all of the U.S attempts to stay out of war, America finally declared war on Japan in 1945 because of their attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (Woods, 2008). World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 (Beinart, 2009). It was not until two years after the beginning of World War II that the United States entered the war in 1941. The president at the time was Franklin Delano Roosevelt, also known as FDR (Thompson, 2010). Roosevelt became the thirty-second president of the united stated and was president for three terms from 1933-1945 (Thompson, 2010). After his first presidential election, Roosevelt promised a new deal for the American people. At this time Americas was under the Great Depression (Thompson, 2010). Before his election, as the United States struggled in the depths of despair of the Great Depression, the international scene grew more and more threatening (Carroll-Mason,Show MoreRelatedAmerica s Position On World War II1273 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å" Pearl harbor caused our nation to the course of our nation’s history and the world’s future.’’ How did the American’s position on World War II change, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor? The American’s position on World War II, changes when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. 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For instance, many do not know the real injustices Germany faced at the hands of the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles; others may not have given much thought to how both sides prepared, or did not prepare, for the next potential war while attempting to prevent repeating the mistakes of the first; and many may not know just what kinds of odds the soldiers faced during OPERATION Overlord. Several events laid theRead MoreFeds vs Anti-Feds3174 Words   |  13 Pagesthis past week. If you’re really into American history and how the politics of the early Republic shook out, Jefferson vs. Hamilton is a great study. It’s also a little, I guess comforting, to know that as bad as we think today’s politicians are, politics was always a very dirty game. Like Bismarck said, â€Å"Laws are like sausages. Better to not see them being made.† And as Ecclesiastes says, â€Å"There’s nothing new under the sun.† 1) How did the political philosophies of these men differ? Most clear

Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity. Answer: Introduction: Tania Kay was the Marketing Manager of Consumer Food Products Corporation of Canada. She had held a bachelor of arts degree in Political Science before completing her MBA from one of the premiere business schools in Canada. She had one physical ailment, as she was born with a dislocated hip, due to which she had undergone surgeries thrice, when she was fourteen months old, then when she was twelve years old and again after 7 years, when she had attained the age of 19 (Angeloni, 2013). She did not limp or give any other indications of her condition, till the point she used to get very tired. The only major difficulty Tania always experienced, was with her balance. The marketing department of ConFood had gone for a team-building retreat, which involved a scavenger hunt through the woods of cottage country in Central Ontario, with tree climbing, rock climbing, canoeing and a five-kilometer hike. Tania obviously could not participate in most of the activities which were carried out, due to physical ailments (Baumgrtner et al., 2015). She did not want to disclose the physical limitations to her colleagues and so she had talked about her problems with one of the managers. Marianne Renfrew, Tanias boss was the only person to be aware of the problems which Tania had. Still, she did not talk to her regarding the problems which she had faced in the retreat as her previous experiences, along with the knowledge about the psychology of attribution which she possessed, could allow people to judge her as a person negative attitude, incompetent or someone who always complains (Burgstahler Doe, 2014). During the debriefing session, when feedback was shared b y team members for one another, Tania saw that somebody had suggested her not to be negative in her approach as the approach made everyone else feel down as well. Tania felt at a loss after the marketing teams team-building retreat. Keeping in mind the fact that Marianne Renfrew knew about Tanias condition, to some extent, anyone else in Tanias position would have communicated the situation, which she faced during the retreat and debriefing sessions, to her boss as she was the only person aware of Tanias situation (Butterworth et al., 2012). This would have helped Tania get moral support and not feel let down or alone, having got disregarded as a team member. Disability can affect any person in any point of time, so this is an issue which is not abnormal. Communicating the problems in an effective manner help solve grave situations easily (Dong et al., 2013). Marianne Renfrew could have in turn communicated the issue which Tania was facing, to all her fellow employees, which would have made Tanias colleagues behave with her in a cordial and affectionate manner (Gold et al., 2012). On the other hand, Tania also would have felt that she was an integral part of the team, despite not being able to take active part i n all the activities due to her dislocated hip. The team building retreat for the marketing team involved various kinds of activities with the teams engaging in scavenger hunt through the wilderness of the scout camp to collect different puzzle pieces. The team which could put together the puzzle pieces would win the scavenger hunt. The hunt involved a rock wall climb, five-kilometer trail hike and tree climbing. Tania, who had a dislocated hip, in the very instance thought that she would not be able to participate in the activity as she might fall down (Kaletta, Binks Robinson, 2012). She did not want to reveal the limitation which she carried and hence, she had a talk with one of the facilitators. The process used to plan, run and evaluate the team building weekend through carrying out various activities like rock climbing, tree climbing and canoeing need drastic changes for the benefit of the employees, especially for Tania, who has a disability of dislocated hip (Lindsay et al., 2012). The activities should be such, which wou ld help build the culture, personality and work ethics to ensure that an organization runs in an effective manner. The recommendations on the changes are needed, for making the process used to plan, run and evaluate the team building weekend because these changes would help in making the marketing team involve themselves better and also make Tania, who has suffering from disability to feel a part of the group. The recommendations are as follows: Before going ahead with the team building retreat, management should have made sure to let every employee know about the kind of activities set to take place during the event. As communication is key for any organization to carry out their objectives in the desired manner, so they should have made sure to understand how comfortable every employee would be in taking active part in all those activities (Mitra, 2013). This exercise would have allowed Tania to communicate her problems to the management, which could have ensured transparency and better treatment of Tania and her problems from her colleagues. The activities should have been aimed more for establishing right attitude in workplaces and bring forth necessary developments among the employees. Rock climbing, canoeing, tree climbing and a five-kilometer hike would require team effort but that would not enable any individual persons growth. Active participation from members would help in successful implementation of the activities but if persons with disabilities are not taken into consideration along with special provisions for them, then those activities would not make any use for them. In this case, Tania felt left out from the group as she had physical problems, due to which she could not take part in any of the activities. Disabled people need to get recognition. Adoption of a unique identity which is socially invisible and deciding to disclose, allows other members to understand the social label attached to the ones holding any sort of disability, which might subsequently intervene with functions of work and social aspects (Claire Beatty MacLean, 2005). Employees could be made to go through certain live situations to help them be better marketers, which would get reflected through the activities and allow them to excel in their work. This would have also allowed Tania, suffering from a dislocated hip, to take active part and gel with other colleagues in the best possible manner to get the best output, thereby make those activities a success. That would have allowed Tania to feel better and not get isolated. Research indicates that people having concealable stigmatized identities tend to go through more of negative outcomes in all three forms, psychologically, behaviorally and physically, than those with visible stigmas (Quinn Earnshaw, 2011). The activities undertaken by the management for the team-building retreat could have been based on knowing people better and consider arranging grooming sessions. This would have ensured people to get groomed and set the right tone for working effectively in the workplace (Ravalier, Dandil Limehouse, 2015). The debriefing session should be held to highlight the strong points of the employees, rather than allow employees to provide feedback for another. Every feedback for each and every employee would be different as perceptions for different individuals are different. Negative feedbacks have adverse effects on the psychology of employees and hence should be discouraged by categorically specifying the need to express their positive views on the employees. This was exactly not done in case of Tania, where a feedback from her colleague was try not to be so negative, its a real downer for everyone else. This statement had direct impact on the psychology of Tania, where she had started to feel that she was not a part of the marketing team after the team-building retreat. Open-voicing of concerns is something which employee generally tend to avoid but in this case study, Tania, who has been suffering from a dislocated hip, could not take part in any of the team building activities that were taken up during the marketing retreat. Moreover, she did not express or share her problem with anyone, fearing that she would be judged as a negative individual, incompetent or a whiner (Santuzzi et al., 2014). This made her feel miserable and also the facilitator-led debriefing sessions were so humiliating for her that she did not know what to do. She was confused whether to disclose or if she would not disclose her problems to everyone, that would mean further alienation from her teammates and repetition of similar situations (Trainor et al., 2012). Some of the things which the management could have done differently to encourage more voicing of inclusion related concerns and also develop a more inclusive culture are: The situation of employees like Tania Kay, who suffered from disability like dislocated shoulder, should be encouraged to participate and not feel left out. Words of encouragement from the managements side for all employees to voice their opinions openly, would work wonders to provide them the much needed confidence and assurance that their problems would be heard and recognized (Santuzzi et al. , 2014). Management should introduce some personality building exercises to make the employees become aware of the surroundings, so that they could develop mutual respect for one another and not treat people having some sort of disabilities, with disrespect (Vrlander, 2012). Importance of organizational culture would come into play while encouraging employees to voice their concerns related to feeling alienated from the group due to some sort of disability. Organizational Culture is a set of expectations, commonly held to understand how people behave (Martin 2002, Schein, 1985). The need to coordinate with one another for carrying out any sort of activity would come to good effect and help make employees realize the art of doing things together. The success of an organization relies on the ability of the organisation to appreciate, encourage diversity and in realizing the benefits. Organisations should assess the issues related to workplace diversity in such a manner that altogether the company can prosper and reap dividends out of it. Diversity is inclusive of race, gender, age and background. Diversity not only talks about how people perceive themselves but the manner in which they view other people. The perceptions of the employees influence to a great extent the interactions taking place within the company. Human resources professionals should deal effectively the issues related to communication and adaptability so that the company can grow in the positive direction. Successful organizations know that immediate action is needed and they are willing to utilise the resources in order to ensure that diversity is maintained in the workplace (Byrd Scott, 2014).Employer makes changes so that the employees feel more comfortabl e to work within the organization. Flexibility should be of benefit for both the parties and it helps in providing superior outcome. Formal flexibility refers to the human resource policies that have been officially approved and that entitles the supervisors with flexibility and discretion in carrying out work within the organization. Informal flexibility, on the other hand, is indicative of the unofficial policies which has not been written down but are available for employees (Barak, 2016). The approach of an organization can be either proactive or reactive in nature. The organization should act as the provider of equal opportunity for all kinds of employees. The employees in an organization come from different kinds of backgrounds and so their cultural ethos should be taken into consideration in framing the rules and policies. Employees of different state having different kind of cultural backgrounds often have to migrate to other states so that in order to get a suitable job. Dearth of jobs often compels people to move to another state. They try to assimilate themselves with the cultural milieu of the different place after moving to the different place. Often people get the opportunity to move abroad to fulfil their career goals. The company should be co-operative enough in understanding the cultural ethos of the people coming from a different place so that their sensitivity is not harmed. They should be given leave during festivals so that they can come back to their native place and enjoy themselves. Understanding the needs of the employees is important for the successful growth of an organization. The employees are provided with respect if their cultural sensitivities are understood. They suffer from inferiority complex if their personal values are taken for granted. It can prove to be a stumbling block in regard to job satisfaction and can prove to be detrimental for the growth of the organization (Kundu et al., 2017). The framework of an organization should be developed in such a manner that the needs of all kinds of employees are satisfied. This can be in relation to job-sharing, arrangements of working from home, telecommuting and flexible timings. Child care facility along with that of part-time working and maternity leave can go a long way in providing the women in the workforce with flexibility so that they can perform their maternal duties perfectly before joining office. It is often found that organizations are blatant to the needs of women and this often forces the women to leave the organization and perform their maternal duty. Consideration for the circumstances and maternal needs of women should be given top priority while framing the policy in an organization (Ali, Ng Kulik, 2014). The work schedule should be made flexible so that the women can work and also fulfil their duty towards the family. Appropriate understanding for the concerns of women can go a long way in providing flexibi lity and encouraging them to perform better in the organization. This kind of policy helps in drawing lines within the organization and helps in bringing diverse individuals together. Changing mindset is essential in bringing changes within the organization and implements drastic changes for the successful growth of the organization. Employees in the present age look for work-life balance when they work in a company. Employees who are young and have not yet married feel the need of flexible timings so that he can follow his passion. The prerogative of an individual should be given importance and considered so that the individual feels inspired to work in a company and provide greater outcome (Tran, 2017). The organization should be flexible in its policies and should have a empowering culture and at the same time should be able to keep the workforce engaged and happier. The organization can carry out an audit before designing the workplace flexibility practice. An internal survey can be carried out in order to understand the preference and value of the employees. An external survey can also be conducted in order to get idea regarding the market practice. This can help in designing a robust system that can evaluate the needs of the employees (Guillaume et al., 2017). External benchmark can be made use of in order to bring positive changes within the organization (Wheeler, 2015). Sexual orientation in the workplace is often a cause of discrimination and should be done away with completely so that the organisation can grow positively. Discrimination on the basis of sexual discrimination can adversely affect the job status and the working environment. People with different sexual orientation are often harassed and different treatment is meted out to them thus causing them to suffer from insecurity. They can be overlooked in times of promotion and they c an be wrongfully terminated. Disability is another arena on the basis of which discrimination is done in the workplace. There is a general notion that the output coming from person suffering from disability is less as compared to that of a normal person and so discrimination is often carried out against them (Rudstam et al., 2016). Monetary cost compensation should be provided and they should be measured independently with the help of an external panel in order to prevent any kind of prejudice. Awareness should be raised in the organisation so that disability is recognized as a serious issue. The regional integration organizations should come together and see to it that the organizations are not discriminating on the basis of gender. Any claims on discrimination should be addressed in the right manner in the organization. An employee is often put in a less desirable position and they are forced to take leave of absence. Proper harassment policy within the organization can help in mitigating the harassment that a rises on account of disability discrimination (Badal Harter, 2014). The organisations should frame policies that mitigate bias within the organization. It should not rely on the bias in relation to individual perception and structured interviewing that has real-scoring against that of criteria can rightfully addresses the problems arising out of workplace diversity. The organisations should work in the arena of unconscious bias and research should be used in order to assess whether the right methods are being used in terms of recruitment, selection and leadership training (Phillips et al., 2016). The strategic human resources management should highlight on the three elements-integration, alignment and consistency. The initiatives taken should not undermine or work against each other. Resisting to changes proves to be a barrier in ensuring unity within the workplace. Miscommunication should be avoided within the teams and empathy can help in dealing with discrimination in the workplace. Resistance proves to be a major reason in forcing the minorities to bear insult and it limits the vale in relation to new perspectives. Misallocation of human resources is termed as glass ceiling and it provides an invisible barrier for the employees and it prevents them from achieving the executive position. The difference between that of wage and the level of education in relation to male and female employees offers proof of the barrier that exist in the workplace. Another social behaviour that acts as a challenge relates to that of homophily. It refers to the tendency of the individuals so that tey can associate with other people (Santuzzi Waltz, 2016). This tendency is highlighted during the hiring process along with that of informal socialization pattern within an organizatio n. Managers should be proficient at handling this kind of challenge with the help of awareness along with that of clever delegation. Managers have to understand the cultural predisposition in relation to the subordinates so that they can ensure that cultural rules are not violated. References Angeloni, S. (2013). Integrated disability management: an interdisciplinary and holistic approach.Sage Open,3(4), 2158244013510303. Baumgrtner, M. K., Dwertmann, D. J., Boehm, S. A., Bruch, H. (2015). Job satisfaction of employees with disabilities: The role of perceived structural flexibility.Human Resource Management,54(2), 323-343. Burgstahler, S., Doe, T. (2014). Disability-related simulations: If, when, and how to use them in professional development.Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal,1(2). Butterworth, J., Migliore, A., Nord, D., Gelb, A. (2012). Improving the employment outcomes of job seekers with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A training and mentoring intervention for employment consultants.Journal of Rehabilitation,78(2), 20. Dong, S., Oire, S. N., MacDonald-Wilson, K. L., Fabian, E. S. (2013). A comparison of perceptions of factors in the job accommodation process among employees with disabilities, employers, and service providers.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,56(3), 182-189. Gold, P. B., Oire, S. N., Fabian, E. S., Wewiorski, N. J. (2012). Negotiating reasonable workplace accommodations: Perspectives of employers, employees with disabilities, and rehabilitation service providers.Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,37(1), 25-37. Kaletta, J. P., Binks, D. J., Robinson, R. (2012). Creating an inclusive workplace: Integrating employees with disabilities into a distribution center environment.Professional Safety,57(06), 62-71. Lindsay, S., Adams, T., McDougall, C., Sanford, R. (2012). Skill development in an employment-training program for adolescents with disabilities.Disability and rehabilitation,34(3), 228-237. Mitra, S. (2013). Data revolution for disability-inclusive development. Ravalier, J. M., Dandil, Y., Limehouse, H. (2015). Employee engagement and management standards: a concurrent evaluation.Occupational Medicine,65(6), 496-498. Santuzzi, A. M., Waltz, P. R., Finkelstein, L. M., Rupp, D. E. (2014). Invisible disabilities: Unique challenges for employees and organizations.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,7(2), 204-219. Trainor, A. A., Carter, E. W., Swedeen, B., Pickett, K. (2012). Community conversations: An approach for expanding and connecting opportunities for employment for adolescents with disabilities.Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals,35(1), 50-60. Vrlander, S. (2012). Management practice and disability: an embodied perspective.Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research,14(2), 148-164. Ali, M., Ng, Y. L., Kulik, C. T. (2014). Board age and gender diversity: A test of competing linear and curvilinear predictions.Journal of Business Ethics,125(3), 497-512. Badal, S., Harter, J. K. (2014). Gender diversity, business-unit engagement, and performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(4), 354-365. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Byrd, M. Y., Scott, C. L. (Eds.). (2014).Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends. Routledge. Guillaume, Y. R., Dawson, J. F., Otaye?Ebede, L., Woods, S. A., West, M. A. (2017). Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(2), 276-303. Kundu, S. C., Kundu, S. C., Mor, A., Mor, A. (2017). Workforce diversity and organizational performance: a study of IT industry in India.Employee Relations,39(2), 160-183. Phillips, B. N., Deiches, J., Morrison, B., Chan, F., Bezyak, J. L. (2016). Disability Diversity Training in the Workplace: Systematic Review and Future Directions.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,26(3), 264-275. Rudstam, H., Golden, T., Bruyere, S., Van Looy, S., Gower, W. S. (2016). Beyond Handicap, Pity, and Inspiration: Disability and Diversity in Workforce Development Education and Practice. InDeveloping Workforce Diversity Programs, Curriculum, and Degrees in Higher Education(pp. 280-303). IGI Global. Santuzzi, A. M., Waltz, P. R. (2016). Disability in the workplace: A unique and variable identity.Journal of Management,42(5), 1111-1135. Tran, B. (2017). Organizational Diversity: From Workforce Diversity to Workplace.Handbook of Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity in the Modern Workforce, 100. Wheeler, D. S. (2015). A Changing Workforce for the Changing Needs of Critically Ill Children in the United States and Canada.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,16(8), 791-792.

Promotion of Seat belt Safety among Adolescents Essay Example

Promotion of Seat belt Safety among Adolescents Essay Car accidents lead to extensive physical pain and premature death the world over (CDCP, 2001). Motor vehicle accidents remain as the main cause of death for 16- to 20-year-olds, accounting for approximately 5,500 occupant fatalities annually (NHTSA, 2005a). Each year, around 450,000 teenagers are injured, and 27,000 of them require hospitalization (NHTSA, 2005b). Of those killed, approximately 63% are drivers, 37% are passengers and 66% of teenagers who die in automobile crashes are male (NHTSA, 2005a). Among 16- to 24-year olds, only 77% wear seat belts (NHTSA NCSA, 2005).One study suggests that teenagers do not wear seat belts because: it is not ‘cool’; due to peer pressure; their usage wrinkles clothes and causes discomfort; the short distance to be traveled; and, the feeling that ‘nothing will happen to me’ (Volkswagen of America, n.d.).   Boyle et al. (2004) found that almost half of teenagers (47%) say that seat belts are ‘as likely to cause h arm as to help,’ while others report that wearing a seat belt makes them ‘worry more about being in an accident’ (27%), and that they would feel ‘self-conscious if they were going against the group norm in wearing safety belts’ (30%).Laws on seat belt use is present in most developed world—with the U.S. seeking to increase seat belt use to 92% (US DoH, 2000), which is similar to how other countries prioritize its use (UK DoH, 1999). Aside from legal mechanisms, driver’s education plays a great part in disseminating the value of seat belts among teenage drivers. The Graduated Driver Licensing system has imposed adolescents some restrictions in driving. School-based and media promotions reached every individual driving adolescent in the awareness of car accidents related to non-use of seat belts (Grossman Garcia, 1999).Estimated to save 9,500 lives yearly, seat belts have proven to be the most effective safety devices in vehicles at pres ent (NHTSA, 2000). However, only 68% of motor vehicle occupants use seat belts. If 90% of Americans buckle-up, more than 5,500 deaths and 132,000 injuries can be prevented per year. On the average, inpatient hospital care costs for non-seat belted vehicular victim are 50% more compared to seat belted victims. The victims do not pay for these costs; society does, assuming 85% of the costs (Dinh-Zarr et al., 2001).An annual savings of $8.8 billion will be made if the 90% seat belt usage will be reached (NHSTA, 2005a). The medical costs, lost future work and reduced quality of life are not enough exchange for not wearing seat belts. The cost of lost lives from the recklessness behavior of non-use of seat belt is too much to call for imposing health promotion on belt safety (NHTSA, 2000).This paper seeks to utilize the promotion approach to achieve higher compliance of seat belt use among adolescents. Indubitably, the seat belt problem raises important questions about the extent to whic h people will act voluntarily to reduce their risks. Existing levels of seat belt use suggest that the motivation to protect ones self against certain hazards is very weak, even for risks that are very real (Williams ; Shabanova, 2002). This paper argues that the promotion of seat belt safety in adolescents, if done effectively and efficiently with strict compliance, can prove to be pivotal in helping reduce risks to fatal and not fatal injuries from vehicular accidents.Role of the NursePreventive Approach. The nurse as the educator plays a vital role in educating adolescents on the value of seat belt safety. This provides a solid foundation for the teens’ driving throughout their lives, preparing them to become safe and responsible drivers. Driver’s education about seat belt safety can be disseminated through community health program, driver licensing procedures and school-based curriculum on health and safety. The nurse as an adviser attends to the anticipatory guide lines for driving teenagers which can be initiated through driver’s screening and education.Promotion Approach. The nurse as the endorser, role model and manager on promotion and public awareness can be done by means of media and advertising such as through radio, television, cellular phones, billboards, newspapers, books, stickers and pamphlets.Curative Approach. The nurse as a health care provider to victims of car accidents due to non-use of seat belts. Promotion on Seat belt Safety can be included as part of the nurse’s health teachings and discharge teaching instructions.Rehabilitative Approach. The nurse as the counselor can promote seat belt safety through counseling with behavior modification among delinquent teenage drivers. The nurse as a researcher can take a vital part in the search to unravel the solutions on seat belt safety programs and effective strategies to increase seat belt use.Care Management ProcessNursing AssessmentAdolescence seat belt complianc e problems are purely associated with the teenager’s health behaviors and attitudes. A strong need for peer approval, coupled with the myths of adolescence, may entice a young person to attempt hazardous feats, or participate in a variety of risk-taking behaviors like the non-use of seat belt when driving; neither injury nor death is strong enough to motivate this hard-to-reach group. They love to play with fire—excitement and experience are the chicken soups for the teenage soul.Nursing GoalsShort term goal: To construct an effective and efficient promotion of seat belt safety among adolescents. Long term goal: To promote compliance and habitual use of seat belt for safety purposes, thus eliminating car accidents related to non-wearing of seat belt.Nursing PlanTo construct a promotion mechanism on seat belt safety among adolescents by utilizing the nursing processes of family health nursing, community health nursing, and health education. In the field of media and adv ertising, to create a talk-of-the-town trend and fashion statement in promoting seat belt use.Nursing Strategy and ImplementationsPreventive Approach. Formulate an effective health education for driver licensing procedure. Health education will focus on the physiologic importance of seat belts (how does seat belt protect us during the crash), demonstrate the proper ways of using the seat belt, the function of the seat belt (what will happen to our body during crashes without the seat belt) and the possible injuries that can be sustained during the accident without wearing seat belt. In school-based curriculum, safety driving can be integrated as part of Health and safety subject by simply teaching the proper use of seat belt and the importance of it. It is better to start teaching safety driving to grade school students—the younger the child, the easier to inculcate a habit. Generate a seat belt campaign, seat belt rally or a vigil headed by the community health program as pa rt of the government’s health and safety program. For example, declaring January as the Seat belt Month or scheduling a Seat belt Consciousness Week. Distribution of educational health materials about seat belt safety or home visits by designated health care personnel as part of the community health program. Incentives programs with rewards and prizes for strict compliance of teenage drivers. Formulate a driver’s screening program focused on the psychological readiness of the applicant for safe driving among adolescents. Counseling on anticipatory guidelines together with the parents of teenage applicants. Support groups for the victims of accidents related to non-use of seat belt will help the counseling to be more effective.Promotion Approach: A trendy seat belt advertisement featuring popular teenage role models (such as teen or sports celebrities) who will advocate the use of seat belts—a young icon who will be the ‘ambassador of seat belt safetyâ€⠄¢. Launch a fashionable and trend-setting seat belt brand with varieties of designs and colors that address the taste and style of teenagers with both male and female motifs (in collaboration with local seat belt manufacturers). Remember that adolescence is the time of expression, imitations, idolizing celebrities, peer trends and fashion and creativity. Improve the seat belt designs to reduce discomforts.Curative Approach. Formulate a comprehensive health education in patient teaching program and discharge instructions for the injured adolescent confined in a hospital focused on safety driving and seat belt use.Rehabilitative Approach. Counseling and behavior modification for the victims of accidents related to non-use of seat belt and delinquent teenage drivers. A support group for the victims of accidents due to non-use of seat belt will also help (akin to Alcoholics Anonymous).Expected OutcomesEvaluation Techniques. Survey, road traffic and safety compliance reports, observatio ns, interviews, focus group discussions, community diagnosis, document analysis and statistical analysis regarding seat belt use and accidents related to the non-use of seat belts.Short term Outcomes. Strict screening for adolescents driver licensing program focused on psychological readiness will be followed; positive feedbacks on driver education about seat belt safety from adolescents; large number of adolescents groups joining the seat belt campaign; home visits reported large number of awardees for seat belt compliance; formation of advocacy groups for seat belt use; reading health/safety materials are provided for every adolescents; a movie or sports celebrity becoming more popular for his/her seat belt advocacy; a popularized jingle about seat belt; wide-use of fashionable seat belts; in a hospital or rehabilitation set up, there will be a decrease number of participants due to the decrease in accidents related to seat belt and decrease seat belt use violators.Long term. Incu lcating a habit-forming behavior of wearing seat belt among adolescents results in the decrease in the number of seat belts usage violators and decrease in the number of car accidents related to seat belts non-use.SummaryAdolescence is the time when the brain creates the â€Å"wiring† for perspectives and judgments. Thus, opportunities for promoting seat belt safety education present themselves in every aspect of an adolescent’s life: in the home, school, community and workplace. Teachable moments exist every time an adolescent learns a new skill, such as when behind the steering wheel—habitually buckling-up before or immediately after inserting the key to start the engine. Seat belt safety promotion strategies can be embedded in a myriad of avenues, such as in education, law enforcement, parental modelling and the media. Health and protection promotion behaviors are multidimensional and need to be considered separately.Parents have a key role in seat belt promo tion. They provide the transportation, financial and emotional support, and are in control of the car keys and insurance. They provide role modelling with their own behavior and set boundaries with appropriate consequences. Privileges associated with driving cars should depend upon the adolescents ability to demonstrate an adequate knowledge base on the safe use of such machines.Schools have the responsibility to disseminate information and proper education regarding seat belt safety, and rests primarily on the school nurse.Community health nursing can integrate and tailor strategies to meet the youth’s unique needs and opportunities for seat belt use. It is important to involve relevant stakeholders in planning and implementation of safety plans to increase commitment and involvement in carrying out solutions.Finally, it is recommended that further studies must be made on the following: on the efficacies of the various methods used to promote regular seat belt use; on the us age of seat belts among pregnant adolescents; on the extent of involvement of parents in adolescents’ licensing procedure; and regarding the expanded role of the nurse in seat belt promotion from school, community, organization, among others.

Canadian Economic History

Introduction Canada, a country believed to have gotten its name by slip-up when a French explorer mistook the village word â€Å"Kanata† for â€Å"Canada†, is today one of the greatest economic hubs and the second largest country in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world sometimes jokingly refers to it as a country that runs from â€Å"sea to sea.† Diverse Aboriginal people predominantly inhabit Canada and it consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, mostly dominated by the British and French settlers (Kalman 4-13). Through the Canada Act of 1982, the country strengthened its political muscles by becoming a federal state and placing Queen Elizabeth II at its head. It is today a â€Å"bilingual and multicultural state governed through parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy† (Cyr 41). The latter syste m is also the basis on which the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of state are founded. In addition, Canada stands out, within the continent and elsewhere in the world, as a country governed by economic transparency. The country also does satisfactorily well in the international rankings in major areas like political freedom, respect for human rights, education, and quality of life. Purpose of the Paper The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical examination of the â€Å"Canadian Economic History†. Canada’s economy is significantly one of the largest economies in the world today, with an approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. It is also one of the highest liberal economies across America and Europe as per the heritage index of economic freedom. Perhaps the major question is how Canada has made it this far economically. For many people, the answer could be the expansion of the political freedom in Canada, or the establishment of more democratic i nstitutions, bringing about transparency in the economic sector. According to this paper, however, the answer lies in the economic history of the nation. This essay has thus been structured around the Canadian economic history, which has been broken down into smaller significant areas, supported with different valid facts. The first part, â€Å"staples thesis†, is used to explain the nation’s resource-based economy given the complexity in understanding it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second part looks at the major staple commodities in the country’s history, while the third and fourth parts review the major economic philosophies before and after the expulsion of the French traders from Canada. Other significant areas addressed, especially in the seventh and eighth sections, analyze Canada’s economic status during and after the two World Wa rs and their impact on the present economy. The overall analysis determines Canada’s growth to its economic history. The Staples Thesis The Canadian economic history stands out for the fact that all the economic frameworks that worked well in other nations, mostly in Europe, either failed to work in Canada or had little impact. A good example is Marxist economic classes, which failed to address the country’s resource-based economy. Its complex economic relationship with other countries developed after the Second World War, particularly with the US (Easterbrook and Watkins 259). Given the complexity in understanding the Canadian economy, a section of historians has always employed the staples thesis to address fully the economic history of the country. This school of thought, â€Å"staples thesis†, which primarily focuses on the economic geography of Canada, proposes that the Canadian economic history should be studied from the perspective of natural resources (A ltman 230-55). Innis, one of the prominent scholars of this philosophy, argued that the country had economically flourished because of its staple commodities. He particularly listed fur, timber, fish, and agricultural products as major staple commodities that dared the economy into the international markets, especially in Europe and the United States. He further argued that, this economic partnership cemented the country’s cultural links in other major sectors. Within Canada, he argued, the different staple commodities led to the realization of different economies in the ten provinces. The economy of the Atlantic Canada, for instance, emerged from its trade in cod. The Western Canada heavily relied on wheat for its economy. In Central Canada, fur dominated the economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The remaining provinces also had their own stap le commodities that propelled their economies (Altman 230-55). Innis, however, argued that the fur trade boomed the general economy of Canada. Inasmuch as the ports opened the region to the United States, fur cemented Canada’s relationship with European nations, especially France and Britain. The proponents of this school of thought thus argue that Canada managed to sustain its economy because of its exportation of staple commodities. Canadian Economic History Way before the arrival of British and French settlers into the country, Canada had a great and vibrant trade networks within its boarders, which were primarily dominated by â€Å"waterways†. The natives traded in furs, tools, fish, and decorative items. Mostly, the traders used small boats given the extensive body waters that border and crisscross the country. They also heavily relied on hunting and gathering for food and a variety of other important items. When French and British traders started arriving, the na tives admired their alcohol, weapons, and jewels. In exchange of these products, they gave out pelts from their native beavers, which the European traders equally treasured. The result of this exchange led to profoundly strong economic and cultural relations between the natives and the European traders (Easterbrook and Aitken 23-50). Fur trade The fur trade was perhaps the most traded item that propelled the Canadian interior economy. The North American woodlands were full of many fur animals, and this element was an added advantage to the pelt industry for the natives, who were skilled hunters and gatherers would kill the animals and get pelt for the European merchants. In exchange, the natives got guns and textiles. They were also given luxury items like mirrors and beads from Europe (Carlos and Lewis 705-28). The other players in the fur trade were the woodsmen. They mainly brought pelts from the forest, through the Atlantic Ocean, to the major ports of Montreal and Quebec.Advert ising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the early phases of the trade, the French mainly dominated the major ports and trading forts in the region. The British traders built more elaborate and parallel networks in other promising ports and forts to scuttle French domination and open trade to other regions. As a result, a boisterous contention developed between the two nations. Timber Timber was the prevailing staple commodity in Canada in the early 19th century. Previously only known to the domestic market, timber became a large export market for Canada in the nineteenth century as most European countries exhausted their supplies. As the 18th century set it, forest reserves had vitiated considerably in the Great Britain and thus it turned to Canada to replenish its supplies. The Royal Navy, which had been built using the great oaks, was already getting old and most of the materials could not be re-used. Timber was also an important commodity to Great Britain for its merchant shipping and putting up of new structures in its colonies. Even the United States, which still had some timber reserves, saw the inevitable inadequacy of its stock and thus turned to Canada. However, the Napoleonic Wars boomed Canada’s timber industry. British needed timber for its wars, but it had none. The other involved countries in the war also had little or none. Canada became the massive business for timber-trade. Almost every province exploited the timber industry making it Canada’s most important commodity. The Bank of Montreal and some of the largest towns in Canada were allegedly built with the money generated from the timber industry. Fish Industry Another important feature before the Second World War was the fishing industry. Actually, the first group of European settlers in the region ended up in Canada through the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in search of fish. Norrie and Szostak posit that soon after, many boats â€Å"especially from France and Great Britain, traversed the land through the Atlanti c Ocean and would stay there during the summer and leave with fish at the end of the season† (46). The other factor that also boomed the fishing industry in the region was the dire need of fish in the Catholic dominated countries. The land was mainly dominated by anglers from regions that had scarce supply of salt, like those from Northern France and Britain. They mainly preserved their fish by hanging them on fish-racks on the main land. Since this process took months, they also built structures that soon became permanent settlements for most of them. Farming and other Agricultural Products Canada was also popular for its agricultural products. The country mainly produced wheat and canola in large quantities enough to supply to its regional neighbors. The agricultural sector was mainly boomed by the timber industry. The timber trade required men to stay in one zone for quite a long time. Given that there were many of these zones, the country needed to supply the workforce wit h enough food. In the beginning, the lumber towns and zones mostly relied on the US for much of their food, especially barrels of pork, but the shipping cost became high. The only available option was to invest in locally produced goods. Ontario City took an interest in farming and other high-grade consumer products. The main objective was to grow crops that would be harvested within shorter periods. They also began keeping cows and rearing chickens mainly for the growing urban market and workers at the timber locations. This captive market became the basis for permanent settlements and opened the region to other new markets (Kaman 24-26). Wheat boom industry Astoundingly, Canada experienced its highest economic growth in the late years of 1890s up to the eruption of the First World War. This era was also the phase of an immense structural transformation of the Canadian economy. The period is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Wheat Boom Era† because of the massive export eco nomy that was based largely on wheat. The staple commodity became the golden crop for the Prairie Provinces and the larger economy of Canada. The wheat industry also led to the construction of the Pacific Railway line easing the transportation of the commodity and other products (Ward 856-83). Major Philosophies in the Canadian Economic History Canada’s economy has progressively grown, taking into consideration different factors. It was not just about the booming staple industries, but also the philosophies that guided these industries. These philosophies include Mercantilism, Corporatism, and Capitalism. French traders and settlers mainly used the first two schools of thought, while the British colonialists introduced capitalism, which is still the dominant philosophy in Canada. Mercantilism and Corporatism The Canadian economy during the colonial times mainly hinged on two philosophies, viz. the mercantilism and corporatism. The economic idea of mercantilism revolved on the notion of reaping maximum material benefits from the colonized land, for the mother country, with little or no imperial investment on the land itself. This system was common amongst French, who dominated the region between 1613 and 1621. In 1627, King Louis XIII introduced another system, corporatism, to include its habitants. The idea was to encourage economic corporation with everyone on the land, and this idea culminated into what is today called Canada (Leslie 20). Capitalism Capitalism is Canada’s dominant economic philosophy. After the expulsion of the French from Canada and the repeal of Corn Laws, the British government opened the market to other settlers. The idea of ‘Capitalism’ came from the colonial business elites that had taken an interest in the country’s economic trades. Their main aim was to create a local financial system, and they ultimately manifested this ideology in the banking and insurance sectors. The Canada Banking Company (1792) , the Bank of Montreal (1817), and the Bank of New Brunswick (1820) are some of the major banking systems of the period. Insurance companies included Sun Life (1865), Mutual Life (1870), and London Life (1874). Another important manifestation of this system was the creation of the Montreal Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange (Easterbrook and Aitken 445). Economic lessons before World War II Confederation The repeal of Corn Laws and the expulsion of French from Canada taught Canadians a great lesson just on how far they could economically count on foreigners. In addition, the cancelation of the preferential treatment with Great Britain also taught them very hard economic lessons. The greatest lesson was to never rely on one market for economic prosperity. In 1854, â€Å"the country signed its first treaty with the US termed the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty (CART), which opened its economy to the United States market† (Martin 237). The treaty flopped later, bu t the countries maintained their economic relationship. Another important factor was the Great Depression. Based on its economic relationship with the U.S, Canada was badly hit by the crisis that had originated in the American markets. As the U.S economy began to collapse, it was clear that the Canadian economy was quickly going to follow suit. At the end of the depression, the wheat industry was almost falling apart. The country also lost 30 per cent of its workforce. A fifth of the population literally relied on the government for assistance. The crisis was far worse in rural areas. Almost two thirds of the rural populace became reliant on relief food. With the U.S raising tariffs in their market, the Canadian wages and prices consequently fell by significant margins. Foreign investments drastically reduced, rates of crimes increased, and the population growth severely narrowed down. The other threatening situation was the escalating rates of unemployment. After World War II Canad a’s economy today is one of the largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per income capita respectively. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the entire North of American bloc and Europe beating major economies like the US and Germany. For instance, in 2008, the country imported record goods valued slightly over US$443 billion. Out of these, goods worth $281 billion originated from the US, $12 billion from Japan, and about $ 11.2 from the UK (Messick and Kimura 21-40). Canadian economy is a mixed economy relying mostly on its natural resources and international trade. On natural resources, Canada’s economy mainly relies on the logging and petroleum industries, which mainly come after manufacturing, mining, and service sectors. Of the thr ee sectors, the service industry stands out as the primary sector housing about three quarters of the country’s labor force. The country also exports energy, which is an uncommon phenomenon in first world nations. Presumably, the Atlantic Canada contains immense offshore-deposits of natural gas that are yet to be fully explored. However, the massive Athabasca oil sands position the country as the second largest home to verified oil reserves. Apart from the gas and oil industry, agricultural products also dominate the country’s economy. The country does well in wheat, and canola amongst others. Additionally, the country has erected major buildings in its towns because of timber the availability. Mining explorations have indeed made Canada a leading producer of zinc and uranium. The country also does well in gold, nickel, and aluminum. There are also leading signs that the country could be equally rich in lead, though the sector needs further exploration. The other remai ning major industries are automobiles and aeronautics. On the international trade market, Canada is one of the top 10 trading states in the world. It is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), G7 8, APEC, UN, G20, and NATO. While these affiliations have contributed to its economic growth, its complex relationships, particularly with the US, have propelled Canada to great economic heights. Canada has long and significant relationship with the US dating back to the World War II. In 1988, the two nations signed another agreement, the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which removed all the economic tariffs between them. In 1994, the two countries extended the olive branch to other countries in the North American region under the agreement of the North American Free Trade (NAFTA) to expand their free trade market. Through these accords, the country managed to pay all its national debts and considerably incr eased surpluses in its annual budget. Economic Recession The worst crisis in the Canadian economic history happened in 2008 during the global financial recession. By the end of the year, Canada was already recording one of the highest unemployment rates in the region. By the end of 2009, the country’s national unemployment figure had hit 8.6 per cent. Regions of Labrador and Newfoundland were the highest hit in terms of unemployment, with the rates shooting as high as 17 per cent. The only province that was not seriously affected was Manitoba, with a low unemployment rate of 5.8 per cent. Between 2008 and 2010, the country’s labor market significantly reduced. Approximately, about 224,000 permanent jobs were lost. Another 163,000 around the clock jobs (full time) were also lost. Going by the scales, between 2008 and 2009, the Canadian state lost about $464 billion. The amount lost for the fiscal year 2010 – 2011, translates into a federal debt of about $567 bill ion, a real scaring figure for an economy. Its foreign debt, as of 2010, had also risen to an estimated amount of $ 194 billion. However, comparing the Canadian economic situation at the end of the crisis with other G8 nations, one would say Canada had better structures to contain the situation. One of the reasons could be that the federal government had set aside some budgetary surpluses in the previous years. It could also be the country’s regulated banking sector, which many economists believe was a better bailout for the country under the financial circumstances. Again, prior to the crisis, the federal state had also put long-term structures and policies that probably helped to lower the national debt significantly. On an average assessment, the global crisis of 2008 had minimal destruction to the Canadian economy compared to the other G8 nations. As of this year (2012), the Canadian economy is doing well and the worst hit sectors during the recession are steadily stabili zing. The country is also reaching out to new partners, especially the Asian countries, to expand its market. The Canadian industries have â€Å"begun reaching out to the Asian markets in order to diversify their exports† (Heinbecker and Momani 161). In the recent months, for instance, there have been wide talks with China to build an oil pipeline between the countries in order to facilitate in selling out its reserves to China. Canada has also tightened its economic relationship with the US to propel its economy (Heinbecker and Momani 161). GDP Growth Rate Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in its entire economic history is estimated at an average growth rate of 0.83 per cent. The lowest GDP of -1.8 percent was recorded in 2009 during the global financial crisis, while the highest growth rate at an average of 3.33 percent was reached in 1963. As of the second quarter of this year, Canada’s GDP growth rate rose by 0.5 per cent from the rate of the previous qu arter. GPD growth rate is particularly important to the Canadian economy because it provides an aggregate measure of the country’s goods and services given its diverse and highly developed market (OECD 28). Conclusion Canada’s economy is one of the â€Å"largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP† (OECD 28). According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011 respectively, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per capita income. As of the second quarter of 2012, the growth rate of GDP had risen by 0.5 per cent from that of the previous quarter. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the North American bloc and Europe, beating major economies like the US and Germany. While the staples thesis argues that the Canadian economy primarily revolves on its natural resources, most analysts today believe that there is a great balance between the country’s natural resources and its international trade relationships. Works Cited Altman, Morris. â€Å"Staple Theory and Export-Led Growth: Constructing Different Growth.† Australian Economic History Review 43.3 (2012): 230-55. Print. Carlos, Ann, and Frank Lewis. â€Å"Property rights, competition, and depletion in the eighteenth century Canadian fur trade: the role of the European market.†Ã‚  Canadian Journal of Economics 32.3 (1999): 705-28. Print. Cyr, Hugo. Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers: Organic Constitutionalism at  Work. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2009. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Hugh Aitken. Canadian Economic History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Mel Watkins. Approaches to Canadian Economic History:  A selection of Essays. Carleton: McGrill-Queens, 1988. Print. Heinbecker, Paul, and Bessma Momani. Canada and the Middle East: In Theory and  Practice. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univers ity Press, 2007. Print. Kalman, Bobbie. Canada: The Land. Alberta: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2009. Print. Leslie, Peter. Canada: The State of the Federation. Ontario: IIGR, Queen’s University, Print. Martin, Ged. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837-67. Ontario: UBC Press, 1995. Print. Messick, Richard, and Kaku Kimura. World Survey of Economic Freedom 1995-1996:  A Freedom House Study. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1996. Print. Norrie, Ken, and Rick Szostak. â€Å"Allocating Property Rights over Shoreline: Institutional Change in the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery.† Newfoundland and Labrador  Studies 20.2 (2005): 27-56. Print. OECD. OECD Regions at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011. Print. Ward, Tony. â€Å"The Origins of the Canadian Wheat Boom 1880-1910.† Canadian Journal  of Economics 24.4 (1994): 856-83. Print. This essay on Canadian Economic History was written and submitted by user SteelSerpent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Giles Corey - Salem Witch Trials

Giles Corey - Salem Witch Trials Giles Corey Facts: Known for: pressed to death when he refused to enter a plea in the 1692 Salem witch trials Occupation: farmer Age at time of Salem witch trials: 70s or 80s Dates: about 1611 - September 19, 1692 Also known as: Giles Coree, Giles Cory, Giles Choree Three marriages: Margaret Corey - married in England, mother of his daughtersMary Bright Corey - married 1664, died 1684Martha Corey - married April 27, 1690 to Martha Corey, who had a son named Thomas Giles Corey Before the Salem Witch Trials In 1692, Giles Corey was a successful farmer of Salem Village and a full member of the church. A reference in the county records shows that in 1676, he was arrested and fined for beating a farmhand who died of blood clots associated with the beating. He married Martha in 1690, a woman who also had a questionable past. In 1677, married to Henry Rich with whom she had a son Thomas, Martha gave birth to a mulatto son. For ten years, she lived apart from her husband and son Thomas as she raised this son, Ben. Both Martha Corey and Giles Corey were members of the church by 1692, though their bickering was widely known. Giles Corey and the Salem Witch Trials In March of 1692, Giles Corey insisted on attending one of the examinations at Nathaniel Ingersolls tavern. Martha Corey tried to stop him, and Giles told others about the incident. A few days later, some of the afflicted girls reported that they had seen Marthas specter. At the Sunday worship service on March 20, in the middle of the service at Salem Village Church, Abigail Williams interrupted the visiting minister, Rev. Deodat Lawson, claiming she saw Martha Coreys spirit separate from her body. Martha Corey was arrested and examined the next day. There were so many spectators that the examination was moved to the church building instead. On April 14, Mercy Lewis claimed that Giles Corey had appeared to her as a specter and forced her to sign the devils book. Giles Corey was arrested on April 18 by George Herrick, the same day as Bridget Bishop, Abigail Hobbs, and Mary Warren were arrested. Abigail Hobbs and Mercy Lewis named Corey as a witch during the examination the next day before magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. Before the Court of Oyer and Terminer, on September 9, Giles Corey was accused of witchcraft by Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, and Abigail Williams, based on spectral evidence (that his specter or ghost visited them and attacked them). Mercy Lewis accused him of appearing to her (as a specter) on April 14th, beating her and trying to force her to write her name in the devils book. Ann Putnam Jr. testified that a ghost had appeared to her and said that Corey had murdered him. Giles was formally indicted on the charge of witchcraft. Corey refused to enter any plea, innocent or guilty, simply remaining silent. He probably expected that, if tried, he would be found guilty. and that under the law, if he did not plead, he could not be tried. He may have believed that if he were not tried and found guilty, the considerable property he had recently deeded to his sons-in-law would be less in danger To force him to plead, beginning September 17 , Corey was pressed he was forced to lie down, naked, with heavy stones added to a board placed on his body, and he was deprived of most food and water. Over two days, his response to the requests to enter a plea was to call for more weight. Judge Samuel Sewall wrote in his diary that Giles Cory died after two days of this treatment. Judge Jonathan Corwin ordered his burial in an unmarked grave. The legal term used for such pressing torture was peine forte et dure. The practice had been discontinued in British law by 1692, though the judges of the Salem witchcraft trials may not have known that. Because he died without trial, his land was not subject to seizure. Before his death, he signed over his land to two sons-in-law, William Cleaves and Jonathan Moulton. Sheriff George Corwin managed to get Moulton to pay a fine, threatening to take the land if he did not. His wife, Martha Corey, was convicted of witchcraft on September 9, though she had pled innocent, and was hanged on September 22. Because of Coreys previous conviction for beating a man to death, and his and his wifes disagreeable reputations, he might be considered one of the easy targets of the accusers, though they were also full members of the church, a measure of community respect. He might also fall into the category of those who had property that might be in question if he were to be convicted of witchcraft, giving a powerful motivation to accuse him though his refusal to plead made such a motivation futile. After the Trials In 1711, an act of the Massachusetts legislature restored the civil rights of many of the victims, including Giles Corey, and gave compensation to some of their heirs. In 1712, Salem Village church reversed the excommunication of Giles Corey and Rebecca Nurse. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Longfellow put the following words into the mouth of Giles Corey: I will not pleadIf I deny, I am condemned already,In courts where ghosts appear as witnessesAnd swear mens lives away. If I confess,Then I confess a lie, to buy a life,Which is not life, but only death in life. Giles Corey in The Crucible In the fictional work of Arthur Millers The Crucible, the character of Giles Corey was executed for refusing to name a witness. Giles Coreys character in the dramatic work is a fictional character, only loosely based on the real Giles Corey.

Women and Science in the southern African Development Region (SADC) Essay

Women and Science in the southern African Development Region (SADC) - Essay Example Then it discusses how UNESCO and SADC are working constantly to promote women of Southern African regions to get educated with scientific knowledge and play a role in scientific development like other women from developed countries. Women and Science in the southern African Development Region (SADC) Previously, it was very firm believe, especially in Asian countries, that women are inferior to men. They have to look after the daily chores while man is the sole earner and he is the one responsible for every major thing. As time evolved, the perception remained same with man now being an executive and women a secretary, or same in every field. The revolution and change of perception took place by the end of 18th century, when women started contributing in medicine, physics, geography and other fields and this period was referred as ‘the enlightment’. When Salon culture in Europe was changing, there were times when political, economical and social views discussed had opinio ns of women too (Sheffield, 2006) Even now that women graduates are more in number than male, the representation of women in business fields and especially scientific fields is very low. There are two reasons for such low representation. First, women already have too much to cater to that they can’t get into fields that need a lot of work and research. Secondly, even if they want to get in, they don’t get decent post. Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She won the similar title, a second noble prize in 1911 for her work on radiation. For those women who don’t follow their passion and end up living the usual lifestyle, she says: â€Å"I have frequently been questioned, especially by women, of how I could reconcile family life with a scientific career. Well, it has not been easy. We must believe that we are gifted for something, and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained.† While Carl Friedrich Gauss, famous for his Gaussian m ethod and other mathematical applications, talks about women not getting reputable posts in scientific field and motivates them by saying: â€Å"The enchanting charms of this sublime science reveal only to those who have the courage to go deeply into it. But when a woman, who because of her sex and our prejudices encounters infinitely more obstacles that a man in familiarizing herself with complicated problems, succeeds nevertheless in surmounting these obstacles and penetrating the most obscure parts of them, without doubt she must have the noblest courage, quite extraordinary talents and superior genius.† (Ogilvie, 2004) Since 18th century, many women have followed their passion in developing and extending the scientific borders. 19th century was an amateur period with few noticeable names while 20th century included significant work by Marie Curie and Lise Meitner (discovery of nuclear fission). There work set basics for further research. Inclusion of women in scientific f ield was further made possible by efforts of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization) and by SADC (Southern African Development Community) which will be discussed below. (Marelene F. Rayner-Canham, 1997). UNESCO's Recommendations about "Women and Science" Although women have excelled in business fields, there still remain many where they are not given equal rights such as aerospace and flying, engineering and scientific research. Science is a field full of ideas and innovation and leaving this highly capable gender behind means losing high potential and ideas that can change the world. Therefore, gender equality and representation of women in scientific field is very important. Although different countries are giving attention to this issue, UNESCO formally organized the World Science Conference in 1999

Retail Inter-Disciplinary Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail Inter-Disciplinary Design - Essay Example Thus the retail specific solutions have become very essential to create a competitive edge over its rival players. The two major components that design of a retials business tore must focus are design of interiors and establishing a favorable environment for effective the visual communication (Retail Systems, n.d.) Thus a good retail unit must be able to create the synergy between technologies and solutions used in creation of functional space for the business and the business operations. Thus such units would be able to achieve optimal delivery of consumer service and increased margins in the business. Some of the specific interventions in the retail system designs are (i) Reliable and secure systems based on efficient automated systems and (ii) Solutions that are environmentally friendly and cost effective operations (Salvador, et al. , 2006). Every retail store need to address different aspects of design issues ranging from systems that ensure customer retention to the mechanisms that could effectively monitor the shop lifting. The most basic aspect in the maintaining a memorable shopping experience to the customers is by keeping the store and its surroundings neat and clean. Though it is the least expensive method in attracting and retaining the customers , it is found to be the most difficult thing to be undertaken. The ten most important parameters that need special attention are as follows Avoiding dirty bathrooms: Whether the bathrooms and restrooms in the retail stores are to general public or not it must be a mandatory procedure to keep these facilities neat and clean. Untidy Dressing Rooms The dressing rooms need to be given appropriate attention to keep the unattended or discarded articles like, hangers, tags or empty packs etc. away. This place need to be closely monitored especially after the customers have used the room. Music turning very loud. Music could create a positive mood during the shopping period. But very loud music could generate a negative impact and could even force the customers to have an early exit from the store. Improper signs and display board The display boards and sign if placed improperly or in illegible manner would cause ambiguity in the minds of the customers. These display items must be professionally designed and placed in such way to make the shopping activity more simple, effortless and enjoyable. Stained and slippery floors. The shopping activities too at times lead to severe accidents. If the floors are not kept tidy or if have any stains on them could lead to some accidents. The regular cleaning of the floor by sweeping, vacuum cleaning or mopping need to be regularly carried out. The stains portions of the floors, ceiling or any directly visible portions must be immediately attended and necessary action for its removal need to be carried out. Poor lighting facility : Ensuring proper illumination is one of the most essential requirement in ant retail store. Only good illumination could help to make the shopping process less stressful. Thus any burned out lights shall be replaced immediately and illumination shall be maintain. Presence of Offensive Odors : Even though some familiar smell of fertilizers used in the indoor gardens

Social Accountability Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Social Accountability - Literature review Example Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (ECCJ 2006). This paper aims at providing an overview of the theoretical and conceptual developments in relation to the increased emphasis on social accountability of those who are responsible for managing businesses and Corporate Social Responsibility, which in turn assists the businesses to establish corporate policies and practices which are meant to pose a positive impact on the social environment. In the modern business world of today, each industry and business plays the role of bringing stability by satisfying the needs of the customers. As the businesses all around the world are growing and developing, every interested individual or organization, whether he is a consumer or investor is asking corporations to conduct their operations in a more efficient and accountable way, which conforms to the ethical requirements. This emerging demand from the elements within the society has forced the organizations to adopt a modern concept named CSR. This paper generally focuses on the theoretical fra mework related to CSR and developments related to CSR in the world so as to analyze the businesses and their operations on these identified parameters. What is Corporate Social Responsibility ... Additionally, the organization should also strive for improving the community and the surrounding environment (Malena, Forster and Singh 2004). The idea of Corporate social responsibility suggests that businesses are committed to protecting and improving the environment in which they are operating and also the interests of individuals who are directly or indirectly affected by their business activities. It underlines the approach that companies must adapt to ensure that the living standards of the individuals and their wellbeing are protected. It also entails considerations for the use of the resources where businesses are located to ensure that these resources do not deplete and the products that are produced by the companies are actually made as per the safety standards to have minimum negative impact on the environment. To achieve all aspects of the broader dynamics of corporate responsibility it is important for businesses to establish and promote a corporate culture within in th eir organizations that understands the importance of corporate impact on environment and its members play an active role in fulfilling organization’s corporate social responsibilities. Thus, it can be stated that the concept of corporate social responsibility is related to safer business operations, which have minimum effects on the environment in which the business is placed (Kotler and Lee 2005). It has been noted that in the past few years, major business entities have received negative reviews and criticisms for not giving back enough to the society in which they are active. Particularly, their lack of consideration for the protection of environment has been

Geriatric Care Available in New Zealand

Geriatric Care Available in New Zealand Introduction Ageing population has out growth its number for years in many countries such as New Zealand that has a number of ageing population. Most ageing population are physically fit and have a healthy life style. But some of their numbers suffers from the most common geriatric problems such as dementia and Alzheimer which cannot be prevented due to their age, lifestyle factors they had when they were young and so as genetic factors. Thus, requires geriatric services in different delivery setting that will be able to help and support them to go on with their life as normal as possible. This geriatric services includes evaluation, treatments, recovery, support groups and includes support groups that are well knowledge in handling geriatrics needs. Abstract This report will identify and describe the different geriatric services that assisting the aged population here in New Zealand. That employees and people of our Rest Home will be well informed accurately of the other services that can also be offered to the clients and be able to know the proper care that aged people needs to be holistically cared of. The present discussion will embrace the reality, motivate and to promote quality geriatric health care services in our Rest Home with the services that is already available in the government services. There are different services that the New Zealand Government offers to the aged population to improve and protect their wellbeing. It is well stated by the Minister for Senior Citizen Hon Jo Goodhew (2013) that, â€Å"Our older population is becoming increasingly diverse, offering valuable knowledge, skills and experience. My vision for the future is a place where everyone lives life to the full. This is what we as New Zealanders want for our parents and grandparents, as well as ourselves and our children in years to come. People who lead full and successful lives in their younger years will take this success into their older years.† The government takes steps to focus the needs and improving the services that will ensure and protect the ageing population welfare and well-being. Health Disability Advocacy NgÄ  Kaitautoko This service supports people in making sure that their human rights are being valued. If in case of health and disability service complaints advocates takes side of complainants. This service is offered for people for free and advocates are willing to support in assistance to resolve complaints. Health and Disability Advocacy service is helpful for elderly and their family to ensure that they are well knowledge of what are their rights as consumers specially those who are living in a home care. In case like a member of a family felt that his or her love one is being neglected in a home care due to her illness such as dementia that we all know that is common to the elderly. The member can seek help and advice to the advocates to voice out their concerns in regards with the treatment and care. Advocates will be able to make arrangements for the both parties to resolve the complaint. Updated information can be access in Health Disability website (www.advocacy.hdc.org.nz) Age Concern He Manaakitanga KaumÄ tua Age concern is a non-profit organisation that offers useful help in the ageing population of New Zealand. They make sure that the whole walfare of every eldery is being respected and honored. Aged population over 65 years old can benefit in the services that the organisation offers they have a elder abuse and neglect prevention this service is available in majority cities in the entire country. The organisation can help elders that maybe physically, mentally, emotionally and monetary abuse by their family or other people due to their age or current state of health. More information can be access in Age Concern official site (www.ageconcern.org.nz) Alzheimers New Zealand A charitable institution that caters its service particularly for elderly with dementia and alzheimers. This institution helps provide support to people especially family with elderly that might be suffering or suffering from the illness. They give well rounded information regarding the early assessment and diagnosis of dementia, offer support to families to cope in caring with their love one who is diagnose with the illness and they organize programmes for the people who are diagnose with dementia and for the awareness of other people about the said illness. More up to date information and ongoing support can be seen in Alzheimers New Zealand (www.alzheimers.org.nz) HealthEd HealthEd, it is an online service that provides information to people regarding public health. They have array of up to date information that will boost people knowledge in taking care maintaining and improving of their present health condition. The website is designed to be easily use by everyone even the elderly they first have to register in order to save the article that they want to request and eventually use it as a future reference. Once the sign up is done the person may request or search from the resources the provider have. The articles maybe available in different formats like pampelts, books that can be borrow by individual who wants to learn more regarding on improvement of their health and their family. More detailed information can be access in HealthEd (www.healthed.govt.nz) Super Gold Super Gold card is a free of charge card and so as a privilege card for the eligible senior’s age 65 years and over and veterans in New Zealand. With this card elders can have general discounts in different business establishments. They can even have free ride on the government funded means of transportation like the buses and trains during the off-peak hours. This card also gives special discount on latest special deals that runs regularly which can be updated thru the website. Elders benefit a lot from this service for it helps them to lessen the amount of their daily expenses. Specific information is provided in the website of Super Gold (www.supergold.govt.nz) Geriatrics Service Provision Hospitals Hospitalsare one offew institution that provides service to aging populations that diagnose with illness that needs a completepatienttreatment and to be look after by specialised staff and equip with equipment that can be used to fully assess a patient. All level of care in related to assessments, interventions and managements care is available in a hospital setting. Hospital is composed of interdisciplinary team member that hand in hand helps patient to improve patient care and outcomes. Clinical set up provides elderlies the available, standardized and up to date treatments that they need to ensure quality of care. It have geriatric co management that have access to different specialist that will be able to properly assess the full detection of illness to decrease mobility and mortality rates. For dementia patient they are assessed more in this institution for it have all the equipment’s and specialist needed for them to be fully diagnoses with the illness. General Practitioner General practitionerprovides the first line of medicalcarein a community they assess, diagnose, treat acute non-life-threatening patient and referral to specialize doctor if necessary. But once patient requires more medical attention that is the time they are send to the hospital for further examination and treatment. Age related alteration such as dementia need to be fully assess in order for medical allied to set the appropriate interventions needed. Residential Care Residential care services has a different scope of related services for elderlies such as palliative care, rehabilitative services and other geriatric programmes. Residential care are composed of well trained, competence people who will provide supportive and full assistance in everyday aspect of care to the elders’. This people are full responsible in making sure that they provide holistic care to the elderlies specially those who are dependent to the care of others. There are different residential care that specialized in care for different geriatric problems such as dementia care, psychological challenged patients for they can surely provide proper care and attention to the client. Physiotherapists Age associated changes such a s loss of muscles mass and strengths, decrease of muscles force and other physiological changes have a negative impact in elders daily living. For a stroke patient after full assessment proper treatment most elders need to under series of rehabilitation to be able to cope with their daily life routine and to recover and increase their independence if possible. Interventions for functionality, mobility, gross and fine motor skills is being develop slowly in every session to increase, promote and to enhance elderly functionality for their daily activities to prevent falls and injury. Memory Services It is age related that neurological changes such as memory function and cognition of the aged population is being affect through time. Some elders cognitive process declines where some still able to sustain information and still have significant cognitive performance. For those who are diagnose with Dementia or Alzheimers’ disease can undergo treatments and lifestyle modification to be able to improve their cognitive function if not be able to be assess with their daily functional status to ensure their safety specially they are predisposed to accident such as fall and injuries. Dieticians Elders’ nutrition should be given one of the highest priority to promote and maintain good health. Aged people should have a proper balance of all their daily intake, dietician are experts to help to determine nutritional needs and health of an individual. Individual specially the elderly’s who are diagnose or predispose with diabetes should see a dietician to have their assessment, management and modification of their daily intake. As part of the Geriatric Health Care Specialist I have prepared a simple outline that can be use to help individual such as family members, staffs to understand and to take part in taking care of our elders and understanding the stigma geriatrics are facing specially dementia and Alzheimer patients. Our elders needs us specially the frail, known disability and those who have diminished their quality of life. Geriatric problems are not just centered to delirium, malnutirion, falls, incontinence that should be assessed and management. We should be able to recognize and address the every needs of the older people to be able to improve our care and their quality of life. To help reverse the stigma that elderlies facing due to their age and conditions mostly those who are diagnose with dementia. We will deliver quality care and collective interdisciplinary effort to protect our elders with some of the current stigma they are facing. Dementia patients faces social isolation from individual and their families Dementia patient may have cognitive decline unlike any other geriatric associate illness they still have emotion and they still need to feel the sense of belongingness and acceptance of their family and the society. This isolation stigma can be lessen if there will be enough knowledge regarding the illness. A health educator will be able to help with managing health education regarding the changes and what to expect as the illness affects the patient. With proper care, awareness and understanding will be beneficial to the patient and so as physical and social activities can be offer to maintain their physical, social and cognitive function. Family and friends can have a flexible time of visitation if the patient is settled in a rest home and bonding with family members must be encourage. Elderlies will be encourage to participate in scheduled physical activities such as routine exercise, indoor and outdoor activities to promote socialization with other patients and people around them. People’s assumption of automatic loss of independence of dementia patients Some people who are not well informed regarding dementia assumes that individual after by this illness loss their sense of independence. It may be true in some ways but it is only for the people around the patient can truly understand their needs. Family and care providers could be educated regarding the value of independence for elderly with dementia and it is highly recommended to increase functional activity. With simple routine of letting them eat in their own with care giver less supervision can help them to improve their independence. Family members and care providers should be given free education regarding the safety needs of the elderly in regards will falls, injuries and other common complication due to their health condition and to assure the safety as they move independently as much as they can. Dementia patients unable to make decision regarding their own care Cognitive impairment may be present in dementia and they may not be able to actively participate in making decision with their care but they still need to be advise of their present situation, care plan and treatment that they will be undergoing. They may not be directly involve with the care management family should be there to give care and be there to know the situation of the patient. But dementia patient capacity to secure consent should be and could be practice in making, adjusting and changing health care programme though they may not seemly understand and remember the situation the fact they were involve with the process it will give them the sense of individuality. Dissatisfying interaction with the medical community Dementia has an essential research topic for years as this is well labelled aged illness people became hesitant in seeking evaluation. Medical personnel or physicians may sometimes become hesitant in discussing dementia for the patient and family may have initial thought of it is total useless for them to know those vital information because the said illness is non curable and progresses to worst case scenario in time. But having it well explain in an easy manner that can be clearly understand and physician can give an clear insights of what to expect and what treatment can be offer can provide an opportunity to improve the quality life of the patient. Having uncertainty of support services and treatments As some think that dementia have no cure and highly prevalent to elders they become uncertain in seeking medical attention in regards with the illness. For they may think that what is the sense of having it manage if they is no evidence of progress. Support care like rest homes must to be a friendly and safe place of elders with handrails, good and adequate light source, wide doorways, hallways and other setting to ensure safety. Personnel’s and care givers must will be highly trained to deliver a friendly and non-threating physically, emotionally, mentally environment to dementia patients. Advice that family members and friends are highly advise to bring in patients familiar personal things to promote familiarization. If patient or patient family cannot afford medication or treatment be able to recommend alternatives where they can ask for help or further assistance. Conclusion All in all, Elderlies many challenges to their health and daily function as it is not inevitable. Relevant interventions is available in many ways as the government also supports and sees the needs of the aged population. It is the people surrounds and care for them that is responsible to make use of it for their good. As this interventions and practices will still acknowledge, maximize the older person’s capabilities and potential as an individual to function with and without assistance. That sick and well elders must be treated well, individuality is respected and their dignity must be maintain at all times. Elders must be given an opportunity to remain independent and be able to function in the situation as possible they may experience distressing situation but their support system must be evidence at all times. Recommendation Given the above information’s in this report improving the health care for the elderly in facing their geriatrics concern is a hand in hand contribution starting from the patient, family, friends, elderly institution and the government. Consistent action with all the parties involve will address the identified and the unknown needs of the elderlies to be able to live their lives the best way possible. The measure of the overall effectiveness of services provided to the elderlies will show minimum supervision from their caregivers in performing their daily activities and they will be fully accepted by the society the way they should be. With the support and contribution of the government aged care system will be more sustainable and affordable for the each and every individual well and sick. Be able to promote good, positive attitude and awareness towards patients who were diagnose with dementia or any illness and their rights as individual must be respected at all time in any situation. References Age Concern. Retrieved from http://www.ageconcern.org.nz Alzheimers New Zealand. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.alzheimers.org.nz Health Disability Advocacy. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.advocacy.hdc.org.nz HealthEd. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.healthed.govt.nz Office for senior citizen. (2013, October 01). Ministers foreword Hon Jo Goodhew. Older New Zealanders-Healthy, independent, connected and respected, 3. Retrieved from http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/what-we-can-do/seniorcitizens/positive-ageing/older-new-zealanders.pdf Super Gold. Retrieved from http://www.supergold.govt.nz